Estudio citoarquitectural de la retina del ratón en relación a la disponibilidad del sustrato del receptor de la insulina (IRS2). Nuevas perspectivas para las enfermedades retinianas

Título: Estudio citoarquitectural de la retina del ratón en relación a la disponibilidad del sustrato del receptor de la insulina (IRS2). Nuevas perspectivas para las enfermedades retinianas. Propósito: Investigar los cambios retinianos en los ratones adultos homocigotos para la delección de IRS2 (IRS2-/-) en comparación con ratones control. Metodología: Fueron utilizados en este estudio ratones IRS2-/- de 12 semanas de edad y ratones controles C57BL/6J. Las retinas fueron procesadas para técnicas de inmunohistoquímica, y examinadas al microscopio óptico usando anticuerpos específicos para la identificación de filamentos intermedios de las células gliales (proteína ácida fibrilar glial; GFAP), microglia (Iba-1), fotorreceptores (rodopsina, S-opsina, M-opsina, cono-Arrestina), células horizontales (calbindin), células bipolares (proteína quinasa C Alfa, Goα), células amacrinas (Colina Acetiltransferasa, neuronal óxido nítrico sintetasa, calretinin) y células ganglionares (neurofilamentos). El estudio morfométrico se realizó sobre criosecciones de retina teñidas con azul de toluidina. También se determinó la densidad de los terminales sinápticos de los fotorreceptores mediante el contaje de puntos basssoon positivos y la densidad de los terminales sinápticos de las células bipolares de los bastones mediante el contaje de puntos PKC alfa positivos. El análisis estadístico fue llevado a cabo mediante el programa informático SPSS 15.0. Resultados: El espesor retiniano fue significativamente inferior en todas las capas retinianas de los ratones IRS2 -/-. Respecto a los fenotipos celulares, observamos la presencia de reactividad celular de las células de Müller y microglia. Se identificaron signos de degeneración de los fotorreceptores, así como disminución de las cintillas sinápticas de los mismos y retracción de los terminales sinápticos de los bastones. Tanto las células bipolares de los bastones como las células horizontales mostraron cambios en los procesos sinápticos con ramificaciones ectópicas en la retina de ratones IRS2-/-. También se apreció una disminución del 40% de los terminales axónicos de las células bipolares de los bastones. Además se detectaron agregados anormales de neurofilamentos en los procesos y somas de las células ganglionares de la retina. Conclusiones: La realización del siguiente estudio experimental nos ha llevado a las siguientes conclusiones: 1. El modelo KO para el IRS2 ha resultado útil para alcanzar los objetivos de este estudio: caracterizar morfológicamente la retina del ratón en ausencia de esta molécula. La ausencia de IRS2 durante la vida del ratón induce cambios en la citoarquitectura de la retina compatibles con las descripciones morfológicas de la degeneracion retiniana. 2. La biodisponibilidad de IRS2 es esencial para el establecimiento de las conexiones sinápticas y su mantenimiento en la retina del ratón adulto. 3. Los fotorreceptores son extremadamente vulnerables a la ausencia de IRS2, constituyendo el desencadenante para la reacción en cadena de la desorganización del resto de las capas retinianas. Por ello, las células de la capa nuclear interna (células bipolares, horizontales y amacrinas) sufren una desestructuración importante en respuesta a esa deaferenciación de fotorreceptores. 4. Las células ganglionares de la retina del ratón IRS2 -/- muestran signos de degeneración caracterizados por la presencia de agregados de neurofilamentos tal y como son observados en otras enfermedades neurodegenerativas. 5. La evidencia del estrés retiniano se manifiesta en el ratón IRS2 -/- por una marcada gliosis reactiva y por la activación de la microglía. 6. La deprivación de IRS2 en la retina del ratón provoca por lo tanto, una remodelación estructural generalizada en respuesta a la gravedad del proceso neurodegenerativo subyacente. 7. La proyección del uso de IRS2 a nivel farmacológico, podría beneficiar a los pacientes con retinopatía, proporcionando probablemente neuroprotección adicional a la retina

Sixth nerve palsy and keratouveitis in patient with varicella zoster virus reactivation posterior to COVID-19 vaccine

Background: We present a case of herpes zoster-induced by the COVID-19 vaccine, with present sixth nervepalsy and keratouveitis. Case presentation: A 77-year-old patient presented to the hospital with a right-sided headache, dysesthesiasin the trigeminal territory, diplopia, and restricted abduction in the right eye. She had been vaccinated with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine three weeks prior. Examination revealed the weakness of abduction and elevated intraocular pres-sure of the right eye. Brain imaging tests were normal. At follow-up, a pseudo-dendritic corneal ulcer and iridocyclitiswere noted. The polymerase chain reaction of aqueous humor confirmed the diagnosis of herpes zoster ophthalmicus.Treatment with oral valacyclovir and topical prednisolone was started, with gradual improvement of the symptoms.conclusIon:Herpes zoster is an uncommon cause of sixth nerve palsy. The association between the COVID-19vaccine and increased incidence of herpes zoster has recently been described. Awareness must be created for promptdiagnosis and treatment

Enhanced oxidative stress and other potential biomarkers for retinopathy in type 2 diabetics: beneficial effects of the nutraceutic supplements

We have studied the global risk of retinopathy in a Mediterranean population of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, according to clinical, biochemical, and lifestyle biomarkers. The effects of the oral supplementation containing antioxidants/omega 3 fatty acids (A/ω3) were also evaluated. Suitable participants were distributed into two main groups: (1) T2DMG (with retinopathy (+DR) or without retinopathy (-DR)) and (2) controls (CG). Participants were randomly assigned (+A/ω3) or not (-A/ω3) to the oral supplementation with a daily pill of Nutrof Omega (R) for 18 months. Data collected including demographics, anthropometrics, characteristics/lifestyle, ophthalmic examination (best corrected visual acuity, ocular fundus photographs, and retinal thickness as assessed by optical coherence tomography), and blood parameters (glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity) were registered, integrated, and statistically processed by the SPSS 15.0 program. Finally, 208 participants (130 diabetics (68 +DR/62 -DR) and 78 controls) completed the follow-up. Blood analyses confirmed that the T2DMG+DR patients had significantly higher oxidative stress (p < 0.05), inflammatory (p < 0.05), and vascular (p < 0.001) risk markers than the T2DMG-DR and the CG. Furthermore, the A/ω3 oral supplementation positively changed the baseline parameters, presumptively by inducing metabolic activation and ameliorating the ocular health after 18 months of supplementation

Enhanced oxidative stress and other potential biomarkers for retinopathy in type 2 diabetics : beneficial effects of the nutraceutic supplements

CITATION: Roig-Revert, M. J. et al. 2015. Enhanced oxidative stress and other potential biomarkers for retinopathy in type 2 diabetics : beneficial effects of the nutraceutic supplements. BioMed Research International, 2015, Article ID 408180, doi:10.1155/2015/408180.The original publication is available at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmriWe have studied the global risk of retinopathy in a Mediterranean population of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, according to clinical, biochemical, and lifestyle biomarkers. The effects of the oral supplementation containing antioxidants/omega 3 fatty acids (A/ω3) were also evaluated. Suitable participants were distributed into two main groups: (1) T2DMG (with retinopathy (+DR) or without retinopathy (−DR)) and (2) controls (CG). Participants were randomly assigned (+A/ω3) or not (−A/ω3) to the oral supplementation with a daily pill of Nutrof Omega (R) for 18 months. Data collected including demographics, anthropometrics, characteristics/lifestyle, ophthalmic examination (best corrected visual acuity, ocular fundus photographs, and retinal thickness as assessed by optical coherence tomography), and blood parameters (glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity) were registered, integrated, and statistically processed by the SPSS 15.0 program. Finally, 208 participants (130 diabetics (68 +DR/62 −DR) and 78 controls) completed the follow-up. Blood analyses confirmed that the T2DMG+DR patients had significantly higher oxidative stress , inflammatory , and vascular risk markers than the T2DMG−DR and the CG. Furthermore, the A/ω3 oral supplementation positively changed the baseline parameters, presumptively by inducing metabolic activation and ameliorating the ocular health after 18 months of supplementation.https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/408180/Publisher's versio

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population